Surgical Atlas of Spine(척추수술아틀라스) > Spine

The spine surgery develops and increases rapidly. Numerous instruments and techniques are developed and introduced to us. Some surgery of the spine continues to evolve but some spine operations become outdated within a short time. Nowadays evidence-based spine surgery becomes important to patients as well as spine surgeons.
The Korean Spinal Neurosurgery Society has published the first Korean Textbook of Spine in October 2008. In addition to the first textbook of spine, the first atlas textbook of spine was suggested to publish by Prof. Ho-Yeol Zhang and some members at the commemoration meeting of publishing first textbook of spine. I am aware that it is not easy to publish a comprehensive collection of spinal operative procedures in a short period. We accomplished publishing the first atlas of spine ultimately.
I think that this first atlas of spine is not perfect. But it seems obvious that this textbook of atlas of spine surgery is very helpful to medical students, residents and young spine surgeons. I hope that the spine surgeons will give the patients good qualified services without failed back surgery syndrome through the first atlas of spine.
I would like to congratulate all members of KSNS, who contribute directly or indirectly to publishing our first atlas. Especially I would like to extend my thanks to the 122 authors of atlas, without whose contributions this atlas would not have been possible.
Sep. 9. 2010
Whan Eoh, M.D., Ph.D.
13th President of Korean Spinal Neurosurgery Society
Professor, Department of Neurosurgery
Samsung Medical Center
Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
Seoul, Korea
Iam grateful that the Surgical Atlas of Spine, which has been started in the last President, Prof. Whan Eoh? term, could be published at the end of my own term.
I thank the passionate work of Dr. Ho Yeol Zhang and the doctors of the Textbook Editorial Committee. I am grateful to Medart company for producing precise and realistic anatomic illustrations, and the personnels of Koonja Publishing Inc. for publishing this book. I also truly thank the many leading spine surgeons of Korea for participating as authors in this book.
This book has incorporated all the methods of spinal surgeries developed until now and also included the basics of anatomy, the usage of recent medical instruments and the various types of minimally invasive spinal surgery.
The purpose of this Surgical Atlas of Spine is to provide a guideline for the surgery in a succinct way so that residents can know their surgeries before operating, and to the expert spine surgeons, this book is to give them a chance to learn more surgical tips and know-how? on important points of a surgery and ultimately to make the surgery more safe and closer to perfectness leading up to a better recovery in the patient.
The important anatomies that must be noted before operation were introduced first, and then the surgery steps were explained with as much as illustrations possible in order to allow the readers to understand the steps as simply as possible.
I look forward to this book becoming the most useful book for all spine surgeons.
　
Sep. 9. 2010
Seung-Chul Rhim, M.D., Ph.D.
13th president of Korean Spinal Neurosurgery Society
Professor of Neurosurgery
Asan Medical Center,
University of Ulsan College of Medicine
Preface
This Surgical Atlas of Spine is focused on the all kinds of spine operations. The authors, all experts in their respective areas, have been given specific instructions to examine the nuances of surgical technique. As such, there should be useful information within these chapters for practitioners at all levels.
Great care has been taken to organize the chapters in an intuitive and logical sequence and the best possible sequence, used in the book, is as the following. The chapters were first divided by anatomical regions, then each region divided once again in to surgical approach, instrumentation and minimally invasive surgeries to let the readers easily find the surgical method for the specific parts they are looking for.
The illustrations of this book are the works of the company, Medart. This company has drawn these anatomical illustrations observing the cadavers directly at the Department of Anatomy in Yonsei University College of Medicine, and through this, successfully produced elaborate illustrations, enhancing the overall value of this book.
This book contains everything from the basic anatomical knowledge a spine surgeon should have, all the way to every surgical techniques, both classic and modern.
I truly hope that this book shall help the spine surgeons with all kinds of surgeries. Now, let me extend about why we call maps an atlas, plus why we also call the first vertebra of the spine an atlas.
Why is it called an Atlas?
Mankind, from the ancient times, drew maps of various methods while living on this planet. Out of those maps, we usually call a collection of maps as an atlas.
The origin of the word, Atlas, dates back to 1569 to a person named Heradus Mercator, who drew maps using the Mercator? projection.
Mercator started to make the world map using his projection, however the process was highly time-consuming and it was only the year after he had died when the world map was finally finished by his son, Rumold Mercator. Rumold Mercator, following his father? will, published the world map with a picture of Atlas, the Greek titan.
According to the Greek mythology, when Zeus banished his father, Cronos, a race of giant gods, called the Titans, stood along with Cronos, against Zeus, and fought Zeus with all their might. However, Zeus won in the end, resulting in all the Titans imprisoned forever in hell. At this period, Zeus punished Atlas, the king of the Titans, for disturbing the heavens by making him carry the heavens on his shoulders.
The Greeks of that time thought that Atlas was facing the Strait of Gibraltar at the west end of the Mediterranean, which was considered by them as the end of the world. The Atlas Mountains of northern Africa are said to be this giant transformed, and that the ocean on the west side of the Gibraltar Strait as the Atlantic Ocean.
Starting from Rumold Mercator, it has become a trend to incorporate Atlas in to world geography, and soon map collections started being called atlases.
As this practice was extended, illustrations and anatomical picture books, studied at medical schools, were also called an atlas. This was because, anatomy is just like geography in the sense that one must find his way to a region in the human body, and therefore anatomical illustrations were just like maps to the human geography.
In addition to this, we also call the first vertebra of the spine an atlas. The reason is that the first cervical spine is holding the cranium, which takes the shape of a sphere just like the heavens or Earth.
I anticipate that the readers who are majoring in spinal surgery will take more interest in studying about the spine through knowing how the word ?tlas?has been derived from Greek mythology.
Sep. 9. 2010
Ho Yeol Zhang, M.D., Ph.D.　
Chief Editor, Textbook Editorial Committee
Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery
National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital
Yonsei University College of Medicine

1. Cervical Spine
Craniovertebral junction and upper cervical approach
1. Surgical Anatomy of Craniovertebral Junction (CVJ) and Upper Cervical Spine 3
2. Transoral Approach 11
3. Transmaxillary Approach to the Clivus and Upper Cervical Spine 19
4. The retropharyngeal Approach to Upper Cervical Spine (High Cervical Retropharyngeal Approach) 29
5. The posterior and Far-Lateral approaches to the Craniovertebral Junction and Cervical Lateral Approach 43
Middle and low cervical approach
6. Surgical Anatomy of the Middle and Lower Cervical Spine 49
7. Anterior Approach to the Middle and Lower Cervical Spine 63
8. Posterior Approach to Middle and Low Cervical Spine 69
Degenerative and congenital cervical disease
9. Cervical Anterior Diskectomy 73
10. Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion 83
11. Anterior Cervical Microforaminotomy 89
12. Arnold-Chiari Malformation 97
13. Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy, Key Hole Foraminotomy 107
14. Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoplasty 113
15. Basic Surgical Technique of Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy (PECD) 121
Fixation of craniocervical junction and cervical spine
16. Non-operative Fixation 125
17. Pedicle Screw, Lateral Mass Screw, Interspinous Wiring 129
18. Occipitocervical Fusion 137
19. Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation 149
20. C1-2 Fusion 155
2. Cervicothoracic Junction and Thoracic Spine
Cervicothoracic junction
21. Cervicothoracic Junction Anatomy 165
22. Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Spine 171
23. Anterolateral Approaches to the Cervicothoracic Junction 175
Middle, low thoracic and thoracolumbar junction
24. Surgical Anatomy 185
25. Anterior Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Approaches 191
26. Posterior Approaches to Middle or Lower Thoracic Spine 205
27. Posterolateral Approaches to the Middle, Low Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction 215
Degenerative thoracic disease
28. Discectomy after Posterior and Posterolateral Approach 227
29. Discectomy following Anterolateral Thoracotomy (open / mini-open TTA) 233
30. Thoracoscopic discectomy and fusion 241
Fixation of thoracic and thoracolumbar junction
31. Fixation of the Thoracic Thoracolumbar Junction - Anterior fixation 251
32. Posterior Fixation 259
3. Lumbosacral Spine
Lumbar spine
33. Surgical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine 267
34. Anterior Approach of the Lumbar Spine 277
35. Posterior Approach to the Lumbar Spine 291
Sacral spine
36. Surgical Anatomy of the Sacrum 295
37. Anterior Approaches to the Sacrum 301
38. Posterior Approaches to the Sacrum 309
Degenerative lumbar disease
39. Percutaneous Approaches to Lumbar Disc 321
40. The Midline Approach for Lumbar Discectomy 327
41. Discectomy Following the Paramedian Approach 335
42. Degenerative Lumbar Disease Laminectomy for Lumbar Stenosis 341
43. Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy 351
44. Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) 359
45. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Total Disc Replacement 365
46. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion 373
47. Minimally Invasive Lumbar Interbody Fusion 377
Fixation of lumbar and sacral spine
48. Fixation of the Lumbar and Sacral Spine: Anterior Fixation 395
49. Posterior Fixation of the Lumbar and Sacral Spine 405
4. Spinal Deformity
50. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis 419
51. Posterior Smith Petersen Osteotomy, Pedicle Subtraction, and Vertebral Column Resection Osteotomy Techniques 435
5. Tumors, Vascular Malformations, and Related Lesions
52. Primary Bony and Metastatic Spinal Tumor 447
53. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumor 459
54. Surgical Technique for Resection of IDEM 465
55. Spinal Vascular Malformations 473
6. Others
56. Spinal Cord Stimulation 483
57. Bone Graft Harvesting 489
58. Operation for Rare Diseases 495
59. Balloon Kyphoplasty 521
Index 527

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