BRS Neuroanatomy ,6/e > NeuroAnatomy

BRS Neuroanatomy , fifth edition is a concise review of medical human neuroanatomy for course and licensing exams, including the USMLE, and features more than 600 board-style review questions with explanations. This edition also includes new full-color artwork and design elements, updated clinical correlations, a glossary of over 200 key terms, and an appendix of cranial nerves. BRS Neuroanatomy presents the essentials of human neuroanatomy in a concise, tightly outlined, well-illustrated format. Online access to an ebook and interactive question bank is included

Preface vi
Acknowledgments vii
1 Gross Anatomy of the Brain 1
Objectives 1
I Introduction 1
II Divisions of the Brain 1
III Atlas of the Brain and Brainstem 11
Review Test 14
2 Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 17
Objectives 17
I Meninges 17
II Ventricles 21
III Cerebrospinal Fluid 23
IV Hydrocephalus 23
V Meningitis 24
VI Herniation 25
VII Circumventricular Organs 25
Review Test 29
3 Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System 32
Objectives 32
I Arteries of the Spinal Cord 32
II Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord 33
III Arteries of the Brain 34
IV Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis) 38
V Meningeal Arteries 38
VI Veins of the Brain 39
VII Venous Dural Sinuses 39
VIII Angiography 41
IX Intracranial Hemorrhage 43
Review Test 46
4 Development of the Nervous System 49
Objectives 49
I Overview 49
II Development of the Neural Tube 49
III Neural Crest 50
IV Placodes 51
V Stages of Neural Tube Development 52
VI Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis) 54
VII Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon) 55
VIII Metencephalon 57
IX Mesencephalon (Midbrain) 58
X Development of the Diencephalon, Optic Structures, and Hypophysis 59
XI Development of the Telencephalon 60
XII Congenital Malformations of the CNS 61
Review Test 67
5 Neurohistology 69
Objectives 69
I Overview 69
II Neurons 69
III Neuroglia 72
IV Nerve Cell Degeneration and Regeneration 76
V Axonal Transport 77
VI Capillaries of the CNS 77
VII Sensory Receptors 79
Review Test 81
6 Spinal Cord 83
Objects 83
I Introduction 83
II External Morphology 83
III Internal Morphology 88
IV Myotatic Reflex 91
Review Test 92
7 Tracts of the Spinal Cord 94
Objectives 94
I Ascending Tracts 94
II Descending Tracts 99
III Integrative Pathways 101
IV Clinical Correlations 102
Review Test 104
8 Lesions of the Spinal Cord 107
Objectives 107
I Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesions 107
II Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesions 109
III Sensory Pathway Lesions 109
IV Peripheral Nervous System Lesions 110
V Combined Upper and LMN Lesions 110
VI Combined Motor and Sensory Lesions 111
VII Intervertebral Disk Herniation 114
Review Test 115
9 Brainstem 119
Objectives 119
I Introduction 119
II Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon) 119
III Pons 124
IV Mesencephalon (Midbrain) 128
V Corticobulbar (Corticonuclear) Fibers 130
10 Cranial Nerves 135
Objectives 135
I Introduction 135
II Nervus Terminals (CN 0) 135
III Olfactory-Nerve (CN I) 135
IV Optic Nerve (CN II) 136
V Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) 138
VI Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) 139
VII Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 140
VIM Abducens Nerve (CN VI) 141
IX Facial Nerve (CN VII) 141
X Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) 144
XI Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) 144
XII Vagal Nerve (CN X) 145
XIII Accessory Nerve (CN XI) 146
XIV Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 147
Review Test 149
11 Trigeminal System 152
Objectives 152
I Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 152
II Ascending Trigeminothalamic Tracts 153
III Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei 155
IV Trigeminocerebellar Fibers 156
V Trigeminal Reflexes 157
VI Clinical Correlations 158
Review Test 160
12 Lesions of the Brainstem 162
Objectives 162
I Introduction 162
II Vascular Lesions of the Medulla 162
III Vascular Lesions of the Pons 163
IV Lesions of the Midbrain 165
V Decerebrate and Decorticate Rigidity 166
VI Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma) 167
VII Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 168
VIII Jugular Foramen (Vernet) Syndrome 168
IX Subclavian Steal Syndrome 168
Review Test 169
13 Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus 173
Objectives 173
I Introduction: The Thalamus 173
II Boundaries of the Thalamus 173
III Primary Thalamic Nuclei and Their Major Connections 174
IV Blood Supply of the Thalamus 177
V Internal Capsule 177
VI Blood Supply of the Internal Capsule 178
VII Clinical Correlations 178
VIII Overview: The Hypothalamus 179
IX Surface Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 179
X Hypothalamic Regions and Nuclei 179
XI Major Hypothalamic Connections 182
XII Major Fiber Systems 184
XIII Functional Considerations 184
XIV Clinical Correlations 186
Review Test 191
14 Auditory System 192
Objectives 192
I Introduction 192
II Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear 192
III Auditory Pathway 194
IV Efferent Cochlear (Olivocochlear) Bundle 196
V Hearing Defects 196
VI Tuning Fork Tests 197
VII Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (Baer) 197
Review Test 199
15 Vestibular System 201
Objectives 201
I Introduction 201
II Labyrinth 201
III Vestibular Pathways 203
IV Efferent Vestibular Connections 204
V Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 204
VI Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes 205
VII Clinical Correlations 206
Review Test 208
16 Visual System 210
Objectives 210
I Introduction 210
II The Retina 210
III Visual Pathway 213
IV Pupillary Light Reflexes and Pathway 215
V Pupillary Dilation Pathway 216
VI The Convergence-Accommodation Reaction 217
VII Centers for Ocular Motility 218
VIII Clinical Correlations 218
Review Test 222
17 Olfactory, Gustatory, and Limbic Systems 226
Objectives 226
I Olfactory System 226
III Limbic System 229
Review Test 237
18 Basal Nuclei and the Extrapyramidal Moor System 239
Objectives 239
I Basal Nuclei 239
II Extrapyramidal Motor System 239
Review Test 246
19 Cerebellum 248
Objectives 248
I Overview 248
II Major Divisions of the Cerebellum 248
III Cerebellar Cortex 250
IV Major Cerebellar Pathways 252
V Cerebellar Dysfunction 254
VI Cerebellar Lesions 254
Review Test 256
20 Autonomic Nervous System 258
Objectives 258
I Overview 258
II Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 258
III Visceral Afferent Fibers and Pain 262
IV Autonomic Innervation of Selected Organs 263
V Clinical Correlations 264
Review Test 265
21 Neurotransmitters and Pathways 267
Objectives 267
I Introduction 267
II Dopamine 268
III Acetylcholine 269
IV Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) 270
V Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT]) 271
VI Opioid Peptides 272
VII Nonopioid Neuropeptides 273
VIII Amino Acids 274
IX Nitric Oxide 276
X Functional and Clinical Correlations 276
Review Test 278
22 Cerebral Cortex 282
Objectives 282
I Overview 282
II Neocortex 282
III Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 283
IV Cerebral Dominance 288
V Split-Brain Syndrome 290
VI Blood Supply to the Major Functional Cortical Areas 291
VII Apraxia 292
VIII Aphasia 293
IX Dysprosodies 294
Review Test 295
Comprehensive Examination 300
Appendix 328
Glossary 330
Index 340