DNA Technology : The Awesome Skill > Genetics

DNA Technology, Second Edition, is a survey of biotechnology written to enlighten readers about the breakthroughs made possible by the science and technologies associated with current DNA research. Ed Alcamo gives the educated layperson a survey of DNA by presenting a brief history of genetics, a clear outline of techniques that are in use, and indications of breakthroughs in cloning and other DNA advances. Appropriate for a wide range of courses for non-biology majors, including a ?NA for Lawyers course or allied health and nursing courses.

Preface ix
Chapter 1 The Roots of DNA Research 1
Introduction 2
Inheritance Factors 2
Chromosomes and Factors 7
Genes and DNA 9
Relating DNA to Heredity 12
Bacterial Transformations 12
The Hershey-Chase Experiment 15
Summary 18
Chapter 2 The Double Helix 21
Introduction 22
The Structure of DNA 22
The Components of DNA 22
DNA in Three Dimensions 26
DNA Replication 32
Summary 38
Chapter 3 DNA in Action 41
Introduction 42
Foundation Studies 42
The One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis 43
Proteins and Codes 45
The Intermediary 47
The Genetic Code 50
Protein Synthesis 52
Transcription 52
Translation 56
Gene Control 61
Gene Complexity 66
Summary 66
Chapter 4 Foundations of DNA Technology 69
Introduction 70
The Tools of Genetic Engineering 70
The Organisms 71
Microbial Recombinations 74
Restriction Enzymes 77
Ligases 83
Plasmids 84
Recombinant DNA Experiments 85
The Safety Issue 86
The Future 90
Summary 92
Chapter 5 Methods of DNA Technology 95
Introduction 96
The Biochemistry of Gene Expression 96
Obtaining the Gene 98
Selecting the Vector 101
Selecting the Host Cell 105
Expressing the Gene 107
Collecting the Gene Product 110
Gene Libraries 111
Establishing a Library 111
Screening the Gene Library 112
The cDNA Library 114
Summary 118
Chapter 6 Pharmaceutical Products of DNA Technology 121
Introduction 122
Human Protein Replacements 123
Insulin 123
Human Growth Hormone 125
Factor VIII 129
Human Therapies 130
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) 130
Interferon 130
Antisense Molecules 132
Other Innovative Pharmaceuticals 138
Vaccines 140
Hepatitis B 141
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 143
Other Traditional Vaccines 144
DNA Vacines 147
Summary 150
Chapter 7 DNA Analysis and Diagnosis 153
Introduction 154
Methods of DNA Analysis 154
DNA Probes 155
The Polymerase Chain Reaction 157
Signal Amplification 158
The DNA Chip 160
RFLP Analysis 161
Diagnosing Infectious Disease 163
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 163
Tuberculosis 164
Lyme Disease 165
Human Papilloma and Other Diseases 166
Identifying Genetic Disease 167
Cystic Fibrosis 167
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy 169
Huntington's Disease 170
Fragile X Syndrome 171
Triple Repeat Disease 172
Retinoblastoma 173
Alzheimer's Disease 174
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 174
Diabetes 176
Cancer 176
Obesity 178
Hearing and Vision Loss 179
Other Human Diseases 181
Gene Banking 182
Environmental Monitoring 183
Summary 184
Chapter 8 Gene Therapy 187
Introduction 188
Vectors in Gene Therapy 189
Advances in Gene Therapy 192
The ADA Experiments 192
Cancer Therapy with Genes 194
Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis 197
Therapy for AIDS 198
Other Endeavors 200
Safety Assurance 202
The Future 204
Summary 204
Chapter 9 Medical Forensics and DNA Sleuthing 207
Introduction 208
DNA Matching Techniques 209
DNA Fingerprinting 209
Genetic Identifications 216
Microbial Identifications 219
DNA Windows to the Past 220
Ancient and Specimen DNA 221
Mitochondrial and Human Origins 224
Disputing the Neanderthal Connection 229
The First Americans 231
Other Studies of Anthropology 231
Abe Lincoln's DNA 233
Miscellaneous DNA Searches 234
Summary 235
Chapter 10 The Agricultural Revolution 239
Introduction 240
DNA Insertion Methods 241
The Nitrogen Connection 245
Enhancing Resistance in Plants 247
The Ice-Minus Experiments 247
Resistance to Biological Agents 250
Resistance to Herbicides 254
Bioengineered Foods 256
The Flavr Savr Tomato 256
Other Innovative Foods 258
Vegetable Vaccines 259
"Pharm Animals" 261
Summary 263
Chapter 11 Transgenic Animals 265
Introduction 266
Placing DNA in Mammalian Cells 267
Custom-Made Animals 269
The Human Mouse 271
The Oncomouse 271
The Alzheimer's Mouse 273
The Knockout Mouse 273
Animal Bioreactors 275
Human Hemoglobin from Pigs 276
Other Transgenic Animal Products 277
Other Bioreactors 278
"Dolly" and the Transgenic Clones 280
Building a Better Animal 284
Increasing Animal Resistance 286
Environmental Replacements 287
Summary 289
Chapter 12 The Human Genome Project 291
Introduction 292
Deciphering the Human Genome 292
Origin of the Project 295
Whose Genome? 297
Whose Money? 299
Gene Patents 300
Mapping the Human Genome 302
The Gene Linkage Map 303
The Physical Map 306
Sequencing the Genome 312
Completed Genomes 317
The Study of Genomes 321
The Future of Genome Research 323
Summary 325
Glossary 329
Credits 335

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